Abstract:

Location and installed capacity of EDF SA's nuclear and fossil-fired power plants and generation units in operation.

The geographical scope is metropolitan France, but not Corsica or the Ponant Islands.

Detailed description:

The dataset has a consolidated view as at 31/12/2022.

Cette couche cartographique montre l’emplacement des centrales nucléaires au Canada. Ces centrales ont été classées selon leur capacité de production d’énergie. Toutes les centrales nucléaires au Canada dépassent le seuil des 500 MW.

Le Canada a conçu un réacteur nucléaire unique appelé CANDU (acronyme de CANada Deuterium Uranium). Toutes les centrales nucléaires au pays exploitent des réacteurs CANDU. Les 19 réacteurs opérationnels au pays (18 en Ontario et un au Nouveau-Brunswick) sont alimentés par de l’uranium naturel provenant de gisements à teneur élevée situés en Saskatchewan.

This is the historic impact factors of Revue Générale Nucléaire computed for each year in CSV format. The first column shows the exaly JournalID for mixing this table with those of other journals

Liste des réacteurs nucléaires en France en activité - année 2012

The European Pressurised Water Nuclear Reactor (EPR) project stemmed from Franco-German cooperation initiated in 1989, from which Germany withdrew in 1998. From 2001, the newly formed Areva group developed a turnkey EPR sales strategy, opposing EDF, which wanted to be the leader of the “new nuclear” in France and abroad. The rivalries between these two public groups, unarbited at the time, resulted in the precipitous launch of the construction sites of the first two RPRs, in Finland and Flamanville. This insufficient preparation has led to an underestimation of the difficulties and construction costs, which have derived, and to overestimate the ability of the French nuclear sector to cope with them, at the price of financial risks for companies in the sector. Despite a technological choice now proven in China and the improvement made in the management of these major projects, the financial and technical gains expected from the EPR 2 project must be confirmed. The construction of new EPRs in France cannot in any event be considered without clear prior answers on the financing methods and the place of nuclear power generation in the electricity mix of tomorrow.

This is the historic impact factors of Medecine Nucleaire computed for each year in CSV format. The first column shows the exaly JournalID for mixing this table with those of other journals

The Population Exposure Estimates in Proximity to Nuclear Power Plants, Locations data set combines information from a global data set developed by Declan Butler of Nature News and the Power Reactor Information System (PRIS), an up-to-date database of nuclear reactors maintained by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The locations of nuclear reactors around the world are represented as point features associated with reactor specification and performance history attributes as of March 2012.

Abstract:

History of the availability of the French nuclear fleet.

The Kd, or availability coefficient, represents the available energy in relation to the maximum theoretical energy, corresponding to operation at the installed power all year round.

Details:

Availability of a power plant

Fraction of the available power over the maximum theoretical power, taking into account only technical unavailability. The availability coefficient (Kd) is defined as the ratio between the actual annual production capacity (or annual deliverable) and the maximum theoretical production capacity (= installed capacity × 8,760 hours). The Kd, which only takes into account technical unavailability, i.e. scheduled outages, unplanned outages and test periods, characterises the industrial performance of a plant.

Kd reflects the overall behaviour of the equipment. Load limitations due to causes external to the unit and due to internal causes not related to the equipment or the operation of the unit are not taken into account for the calculation of this rate.

Here you will find the dataset that allows you to visualise, on a map, the state of availability of the present, past and future nuclear fleet.

Résumé : Les déchets radioactifs, suivant leur nature, leur niveau de radioactivité et la durée de vie des radionucléides les constituant, ont été classés en différentes catégories qui varient selon les réglementations des pays.

Credit report of Edf - Centre Nucleaire De Paluel contains unique and detailed export import market intelligence with it's phone, email, Linkedin and details of each import and export shipment like product, quantity, price, buyer, supplier names, country and date of shipment.

As of May 2023, there were 436 nuclear reactors in operation in 32 countries around the world. The United States had the largest number of nuclear power reactors in operation at the time, at 93 units. Operable nuclear reactors are those connected to the grid.

Nuclear reactors under construction

The largest reactors under construction as of May 2023 were situated in the UK, with a gross electricity generation capacity of 1,720 megawatts. Meanwhile, the country with the largest capacity of nuclear reactors under construction worldwide was China, where reactors with a total capacity of almost 22 gigawatts were being built at the time.

History of nuclear energy generation

In 1954, history was made when nuclear fission technology was approved for commercial purposes and the first nuclear power plant started operation in the Russian city of Obninsk. The new energy proved to be an extremely reliable and stable form of electricity. Since nuclear power plants are only shut down for refueling about every two years, they provide an around-the-clock “baseload” supply of power.

In nuclear fission, uranium atoms are split into lighter elements. Uranium is a radioactive metal that is extracted from mines, mainly in Kazakhstan, Australia, and Namibia. After the uranium splitting process, the used fuel elements are still radioactive and have to be stored in nuclear waste repositories or spent fuel pools. These sites are often underground and require thick metal or concrete walls to shield the public from radiation.

The United States became the world's first nuclear power on July 16, 1945, when it successfully detonated an atomic bomb at a testing site in Mexico, as part of the Manhattan Project. Less than one month later, on August 6 and 9 respectively, the U.S. dropped atomic bombs (known as "Fat Man" and "Little Boy") on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; forcing the Japanese into surrender and bringing the Second World War to an end. These bombings remain the only nuclear attacks in history, however, advancements in nuclear technology and the threat of nuclear warfare have became a defining characteristic of post-WWII diplomacy, particularly during the Cold War. The Nuclear Arms Race Four years after Hiroshima, the Soviet Union developed its first nuclear weapon (known as "First Lightning") and the Nuclear Arms Race began. By the mid-1960s, both the U.S. and USSR had amassed enough nuclear warheads to annihilate any opponent; it was generally accepted that if one were to launch a nuclear attack against the other then a retaliatory "second strike" was guaranteed and this would result in "mutual assured destruction" (MAD). The concept of a nuclear triad was also established, where a wide enough network of armed aerial bombers, land-based missile silos, and submarines scattered across the globe ensured that a single attack would not disarm the enemy and a second strike was almost a certainty. This came to a head in 1962; the U.S. stored warheads in Italy and Turkey (its NATO allies), and the USSR retaliated by building silos in Cuba; the Cuban Missile Crisis then saw the world on the brink of nuclear war for over a month, but was eventually resolved through tense diplomacy, rather than official military action. The U.S.' nuclear arsenal reached its largest size in the mid-1960s, at over 31,000 warheads, before falling to the low 20,000s in the 1980s. The Soviet arsenal's growth was more gradual, but it overtook that of the U.S. in 1978, and it peaked at over 40,000 nuclear warheads in 1986. The UK, France, and China also developed their own nuclear programs; while these did play an important psychological role in the Cold War, their nuclear programs were primarily focused on energy (France still gets a higher share of its electrical energy from nuclear power than any other country) and self-defense, and their arsenals paled in comparison to those amassed by the U.S. or USSR. Israel is also believed to have possessed nuclear weapons since the late 1960s, but has never openly acknowledged or denied this.

Post-Cold War

The global stockpile of nuclear weapons peaked in 1986, before Soviet dissolution and the end of the Cold War saw a significant de-escalation in tensions between the east and west, and the process of nuclear disarmament began. Since the 1980s, Russia's nuclear arsenal has decreased by a factor of nine, and the U.S. arsenal is now six times smaller. Disarmament between the U.S. and Russia has occurred at a fairly similar pace, and the removal of weapons from the former-Soviet states of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine were instrumental in their integration into the post-Soviet world. South Africa remains the only country to have established its own nuclear weapons program that was then dismantled. However, as these countries denuclearized, India and Pakistan developed their first nuclear weapons in the late 1990s, which they maintain as part of nuclear deterrent programs. North Korea has also developed a nuclear weapons program since the early 2000s, but its perceived hostility to the west and withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) has seen its nuclear tests heighten tensions with some neighbors and the U.S.. In 2023, it is believed that nine countries are in possession of nuclear weapons, with the U.S. and Russia in possession of several thousand each. Although these countries maintain that their nuclear stockpiles are kept in the interests of self-defense, nuclear testing or the mobilization of nuclear forces (such as in Russia in 2022) are generally interpreted as a sign of international aggression.

Compte-rendu de la réunion publique de la commission locale d’information auprès des centrales nucléaires de Paluel et Penly (Clin Paluel-Penly) du 17 octobre 2018 à Offranville ayant pour thème : « Vivre autour d’une centrale nucléaire : évolution des mesures de protection » Métadonnées Lien vers les métadonnées Ressources complémentaire Site internet de la Clin : https://www.clin76.fr/ Ce document est également disponible sur le site dédié à la Clin Paluel-Penly : https://www.clin76.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Compte-rendu-r%C3%A9union-publique-Clin-17-oct-2018.pdf Site du Département de la Seine-Maritime : https://www.seinemaritime.fr/mon-cadre-de-vie/prevention-des-risques-naturels-et-industriels/clin-paluel-penly.html Le site officiel du Département de la Seine-Maritime consacre une page à l’histoire et au rôle de la Commission locale d’information sur le nucléaire de Paluel-Penly. Site d’EDF EDF consacre une page de son site à chacune des deux centrales. On peut y télécharger (au format pdf) une brève description des sites et un dossier de presse à jour. Centrale nucléaire de Paluel : https://www.edf.fr/groupe-edf/producteur-industriel/carte-des-implantations/centrale-nucleaire-de-paluel/presentation Centrale nucléaire de Penly : https://www.edf.fr/groupe-edf/producteur-industriel/carte-des-implantations/centrale-nucleaire-de-penly/presentation Site de l'Autorité de Sureté Nucléaire (ASN) : https://www.asn.fr/Informer/Publications/Rapports-de-l-ASN L’ASN y met à disposition son rapport annuel sur la sûreté nucléaire et la radioprotection en France. Ce rapport détaille la situation de chacune des centrales dont Paluel et Penly. Elle publie également les synthèses de ses inspections ainsi que, sur cette base, ses principales demandes et observations.

Credit report of Center De Recherche Nucleaire De Draria (crnd) contains unique and detailed export import market intelligence with it's phone, email, Linkedin and details of each import and export shipment like product, quantity, price, buyer, supplier names, country and date of shipment.

As a weapon of mass destruction, nuclear warheads are part of the defense arsenal of some countries in the world. There were approximately 12,500 nuclear warheads worldwide as of January 2023 and almost 90 percent of them belong to two countries: the United States and Russia. Even though the number of nuclear weapons worldwide has been decreasing since the Cold War, still the same two countries possess the majority of them.

What are nuclear warheads?

Nuclear warheads are weapons of mass destruction and are able to destroy whole cities and kill millions of people. They also have tremendous long-lasting effects on the environment and future generations due to radioactive contamination taking its toll years after the explosion. They have only been used once; by the United States in 1945 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the final stage of World War 2. Despite the devastating nature of nuclear weapons, some countries have been carrying out nuclear tests regularly.

Global attitudes

There have been debates about the prohibition of nuclear weapons due to the enormous destructive power that they have. In July of 2017, the United Nations General Assembly voted on the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. There were 139 countries that supported the treaty and positioned themselves against the possession of nuclear weapons. However, as the forecasted budget for the nuclear weapons program of the United States from 2022 shows, the investments in this area are increasing rather than decreasing. Similar attitudes can be expected from the Russian government.

France has the greatest share of nuclear power in total electricity generation of any country worldwide. In 2022, nuclear energy accounted for 62.6 percent of France's total electricity production. By comparison, the share of nuclear electricity generation in the United States stood at less than 20 percent.

This dataset contains the total annual releases of radionuclides released directly to the environment through direct discharge (i.e. releases to water) from the closed mine sites near Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada. Note that there is no stack emissions for the Elliot Lake. Cet ensemble de données contient les rejets totaux annuels de radionucléides rejetés par les évacuations directes (c'est-à-dire les rejets dans l'eau) dans l'environnement par les sites des mines fermées près d'Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada. Notez qu'il n'y a pas d'émission de cheminée pour le secteur d'Elliot Lake.

Compte-rendu de la réunion publique de la commission locale d’information auprès des centrales nucléaires de Paluel et Penly (Clin Paluel-Penly) du 09 octobre 2019 à Saint-Nicolas d’Aliermont ayant pour thème : « La radioactivité et les risques pour la santé »MétadonnéesLien vers les métadonnéesRessources complémentaireSite internet de la Clin : https://www.clin76.fr/ Ce document est également disponible sur le site dédié à la Clin Paluel-Penly : https://www.clin76.fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Compte-rendu-r%C3%A9union_publique_09-oct_2019-version-finale.pdf Site du Département de la Seine-Maritime : https://www.seinemaritime.fr/mon-cadre-de-vie/prevention-des-risques-naturels-et-industriels/clin-paluel-penly.html Le site officiel du Département de la Seine-Maritime consacre une page à l’histoire et au rôle de la Commission locale d’information sur le nucléaire de Paluel-Penly.Site d’EDFEDF consacre une page de son site à chacune des deux centrales. On peut y télécharger (au format pdf) une brève description des sites et un dossier de presse à jour.Centrale nucléaire de Paluel : https://www.edf.fr/groupe-edf/producteur-industriel/carte-des-implantations/centrale-nucleaire-de-paluel/presentation Centrale nucléaire de Penly : https://www.edf.fr/groupe-edf/producteur-industriel/carte-des-implantations/centrale-nucleaire-de-penly/presentation Site de l'Autorité de Sureté Nucléaire (ASN) : https://www.asn.fr/Informer/Publications/Rapports-de-l-ASN L’ASN y met à disposition son rapport annuel sur la sûreté nucléaire et la radioprotection en France. Ce rapport détaille la situation de chacune des centrales dont Paluel et Penly. Elle publie également les synthèses de ses inspections ainsi que, sur cette base, ses principales demandes et observations.

Les valeurs actuelles, des données historiques, des prévisions, des statistiques, des tableaux et le calendrier économique - Indice de l'énergie nucléaire - Contrat À Terme - Prix. 2010-2024 Données.